Kant and Mills Theories Essay example - 2128 Words

Kant and Mills Theories In July of 1994, Paul J. Hill, a former Presbyterian minister and later a pro-life activist, was prosecuted for killing Dr. John Britton, an abortion performing doctor, and James Barrett, a volunteer, outside a clinic in Pensacola, Florida. Prior to this, Hill commented on the murder of Dr. David Gunn, another abortion performing doctor, stating that it was a â€Å"biblically justified homicide (P. 215).† This statement shows how strong Hill’s beliefs were and leads one to assume that he did not regret killing Britton and Barrett. This paper will address the Hill case and determine the ethical parameter in which Paul Hill should have acted. The two philosophical approaches that will be examined and contrasted are†¦show more content†¦Kant upheld systematic laws as the model of rational principles. A characteristic of systematic laws is that they are universal, such as the law that when heated, gas will expand. Kant thought that moral laws or principles must hav e universality to be rational. He derives the categorical imperative out of the notion that we should be willing to adopt those moral principle that can be universalized, that is, those which we can imagine that everyone could act upon or adopt as their principle. Thus, the first formulation of the categorical imperative is, â€Å"Never act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim should be a universal law (P.31).† By maxim, he means the rule or principle on which you act. Consider the example Kant gives of giving a false promise. Making false promises is wrong and therefore could not be a universal law, because every rational being would not adopt this as a principle of action. In the Hill case, if Paul Hill kills the doctor than it is morally permissible for everyone else to kill someone they disagree with. Therefore, Hill’s actions were not justified, because killing cannot be a universal law. Kant also believes that human beings have â€Å"unconditional worth.† In his passage of, â€Å"The Ultimate worth of Persons,† he says: Now, I say, man and, in general, every rational being exists as an end in himself andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Golden Rule in Kant and Mills Ethical Theories1320 Words   |  6 Pagesbad and right or wrong. It is a theory dealing with values that relate to human behaviour; with respect to their actions and purpose. The two most important philosophers that deal with ethics are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Kant’s ethical theory is Kantianism or deontological ethics. Mill’s ethical theory is utilitarianism. Both philosophers’ theories have many differences; Kant’s theory deals with conduct, seeking reason for good action in duty. Mill’s theory deals with consequences and maximizingRead MoreKant And Mill : Morality As A Responsibility Towards Positive Impacts1578 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Kant and Mill describe morality as a responsibility towards positive impacts. Kant views morality as thought out actions leading to positive outcomes for o thers through means of using ones conscience (Kant, Immanuel, 2). Therefore, a person’s actions should result in a positive impact on others, and a person should think carefully before doing something to ensure that. Immorality as defined by Kant describes self-centered actions that do not benefit any other human being while Mill’s theory focusesRead MoreThe Differences Between Moral Motivation1390 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism Among the history of moral philosophy, two major philosophers, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill from the 18th and 19th century have come up with two different moral theories for the moral philosophy. Kant had established his view of moral in his bookâ€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of morals† and claimed that motivation of an actions are based on duty and reason. On the other hand, Mill’s idea is that actions base on maximizing utility have to be morally right. As he claimed inRead MoreA Study Of Ethics By Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill992 Words   |  4 PagesSyndrome (BWS). The two most renowned ethicists, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would view this case differently. Kantianism is associated solely with Immanuel Kant. In comparison, John Stuart Mill, an opponent of Immanuel Kant’s ideas, uses a utilitarian approach. This essay will briefly give an overview of the case and the BWS. Then, it will show how both theories view the case. Ove rall, this paper argues that Mill’s theory is a better theory that supports the verdict. R.v Lavallee: Brief OverviewRead MoreThe Mill Vs. Kant : An Evaluation Of Their Approaches Towards Ethics1730 Words   |  7 Pages Mill vs. Kant: An Evaluation of their Approaches Towards Ethics John Stuart Mill and Emmanuel Kant both have very distinct ideals and principles. Though they were both philosophers within the same century, but their ideals did not align with each other. Mill focused more on overall happiness, while Kant focused more on the reasons people have for committing certain actions. This is important because it makes the validity of actions and their moral worth put in question. The problem being addressedRead MoreShelby Bryant . Professor Brandon Underwood. Ethics And1325 Words   |  6 PagesShelby Bryant Professor Brandon Underwood Ethics and Society 21 March 2017 3) Kant and Ross represent two very different forms of deontological ethical theory. Begin by explaining what their two theories have in common. Explain Kant’s categorical imperative. Pick an example and show how his position compares to Ross’ notion of prima facie obligations. Ross and Kant do represent very different forms of deontological theory although Ross did implement some aspects of Kantian deontology. Both believedRead MoreEthics and Morality Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageswill this lie affect the people involved? How would John Stuart Mill answer this question? Mills general position seem to be that one should do what will produce the most happiness, pleasure and with the absence of pain. With this in mind for one to falsify their resume will produce the greater happiness to that person, and family. If this means to exaggerate the truth a little so be it. I feel Mills view would be to exaggerate, but not to over exaggerate so that when you do get the job you willRead MoreEthical Theories That We Have Taught Are Deontological Ethics And Utilitarianism1163 Words   |  5 Pages The two Contrasting ethical theories that we have studied are Deontological ethics and Utilitarianism. Deontological: Deon means obligation or duty; Logia means speech Whereas, Utilitarianism: means the greatest happiness of the greatest number †¢ Deontological ethical, according to deontologists certain actions are right or wrong in themselves and so there are absolute ethical standards that must be supported. The problems with this position are concerned with how we know which acts are wrongRead MoreKant: Moral Theories1002 Words   |  5 PagesKants moral theory According to Timmons, the field of philosophy is not complete without the mention of Kant whose contributions were major (205). This, he adds, was influenced by his originality, subtle approach and the difficulty of his works. Timmons cites that moral requirements are a requirement of reason, which is the ideology of Kant’s Moral theory; hence, immoral act is an act against reason. Consequently, speaking on the terminologies of Kant we visualize moral requirements as CategoricalRead MoreKantian Ethics vs. Utilitarianism1714 Words   |  7 Pageshas found its place in the construction of many systems of morality such as John Stuart Mill’s theory of Utilitarianism. In teleological approaches to morality, questions of right and wrong, or the notion what an individual ought to do, are determined by the consequences of a given action. One thinker to reject this idea of consequentialism was Immanuel Kant. In his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant endeavors to e stablish a system of ethics that has no trace of the empirical nature of

Teams - Making Them Work For You Essay - 2741 Words

Teams Making Them Work For You The organisational organ known as the team is becoming more and more apparent in todays dynamic business world. Increasingly managers are searching for a means to improve production and keep their organisation competitive in the global market. A lot of these managers have turned to the team as a means for achieving this improvement. Quality circles were looked at to fulfil this role. However, this form of team is being phased out and may have posed as incubator for the current trend; self - managed work teams (Klein, 1995). These teams are increasingly being looked at today to solve many an organisations production problems and inefficiencies, and in the process are both badly failing and greatly†¦show more content†¦(Dumaine, 1994). The Ford Motor Company in the United States also had great success with teams when producing the new Mustang prototype. Ford produced the Mustang from design concept to the finished product under budget and in reco rd time. (Klein, 1995). However, many companies and managers are put off by the very mention of the word team. As McGarvey (1996) suggests, are teams just another management fad or are they for real? He also points out that †¦ many businesses have had bad experiences with teams that flopped. (McGarvey, 1996:80). As is also pointed out by Magee (1997:26) †¦ ill - functioning teams can cause disastrous effects on the individuals involved, the organisations service delivery and customer service reputation, and the mood of the entire organisation. So, there is little wonder why many organisations and mangers are disillusioned by teams and apprehensive to implement them. Evidence of this apprehension could be interpreted from a study conducted by the Centre for Effective Organisations at the University of Southern California. The Centre conducted a survey of Fortune 1000 companies and found that 68% of those companies used self - managed work teams. However, on the flip - side, only 10% of total worke rs are in such teams. (Dumaine, 1994). Not a large percentage of the total workers. These results may suggest that most companies are still learning and pilotingShow MoreRelatedBus 117 Introduction to Organizational Dynamics Week 5 Final Paper1237 Words   |  5 PagesAffects of Team Work Francisco Perez Jr. Bus 117 Introduction to Organizational Dynamics Instructor: Kenya Willis 7/1/2013 In this paper I will discuss how a team leader assesses how big the team is needed in order to accomplish the task assigned to them. This paper will also discuss the how conflicts can arise while trying to meet their goals. Such as which person works better in certain areas. I will also talk about how a team leader resolves their problems that may accure. In additionRead MoreDecision Making : An Integrated Structure Of Events1546 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality traits that team leaders require in order to assert influence and function properly in their role. As information and knowledge are disseminated throughout a team, the intellectual capacity of both the team and the organization is increased. Such a strategy is sometimes referred to as pyramiding or pyramid learning, meaning that knowledge is spread from one team member to another before eventually spreading throughout the entire team. Decision-making Decision making is an integrated structureRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1399 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on a collaborative effort from the team. Participative leaders rely on the team’s ideas and abilities instead of making all the decisions on their own (Murdock, K. 2014). Although the leader makes the final decision, the team has the freedom to contribute to decisions being made. Teamwork is an essential attribute for Participative leaders. As a Participative leader, you must possess the ability to set aside your ego, listen to the team, and give the team freedom to make their own decisionsRead MoreLeadership Style Self-Analysis Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. I believe that I am more of this leadership style because I tend to accept input from group members when making decisions and solving problems. I do this because I feel that everyone in the group have something tangible to contribute to the group, and sometimes they might have acce ss to key information that can help in my decision making. I take the information and put them together to use in reaching a decision, because I know that I will have the final say as the leader of the group.Read MoreTeam Based Structures For Group Work897 Words   |  4 PagesMany organizations around the world apply team-based structures in order to achieve their goals. Although several problems may arise when implementing team based structures, if applied correctly, the overall group cohesiveness gives team members a sense of belonging while also proving to be very productive. It is important to get the correct mix of individuals regarding groups. In order to achieve success in group work, you want to incorporate individuals who have skills that compliment each other’sRead MoreI Want to Become an Effective Leader and Engineer1149 Words   |  5 PagesAlso you need to develop skills to be a effective team member and also an effective team leader. As a students you need to uses teamwork and leaderships skills in participating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. The student should prepare to apply a team building skills, apply decision making and problem-skills, be aware of making a teamwork and leadership attributes in creating a enjoyable work environment, Determine the impact of cultural diversity on teamwork; andRead MoreClassical Approach Of Management Based On Their Type Of Business And Their Operation1138 Words   |  5 PagesEvery company has a unique style of management based on their type of business and their operation. Some of them are willing to take risks, some are at the top of the data, some focus on their employee relations, and others have the ability to innovate. Based on what is their headline practice, they styles of managements ranked between, Best Practicers, Data Champions, Controllers, Classics, and Forward Thinkers. The place that I have been working for many years Yata (fictitious company name ) isRead MoreUniversal telecom1698 Words   |  7 Pagespresents a troubled team in that company. Team characteristics: 1. Consist of 4 members. 2. In charge of a really important role in the company. 3. Team members are having difficulty getting along and working together. 4. One of the team members having a personality making things difficult for the team. 5. Firing this member is impossible, organizational context making it impossible to hire new member, and there should be at least 4 members in the team to handle the work load. Metro and enterpriseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Fish 1464 Words   |  6 Pagesmanage their team if the team suffers from toxic attitudes. The book starts out explaining the main character Mary Jane, and how after her husband’s sudden death she had to take care of her two kids and put all her focus on her job to be able to make it in the world without him. By allowing this type of behavior and putting all her emotions and focus into her work made Mary Jane forget who she was and how to choose her own attitude. It took getting a promotion and having to deal with a team that sheRead MoreCase Study : A Plastic Pipe Manufacturer, Was Not An Exception1502 Words   |  7 Pagesin terms of work design. Identify and rank order the most challenging problems and describe possible solutions. John Amasi attempteds to implement self-directed teams in order to increase their productivity. Being able to make their own decisions would reduced the time of production time significantly. But such improvement did not come easy, many impasses showed in his way because of the differences between the way things were made and the way Amasi wanted to be. The decision making was one the

Marketing and Management Quite Turmoiling

Question: Describe about the Marketing and Management for Quite Turmoiling. Answer: 1: The past couple of years has been quite turmoiling for Australia in terms of the social and political contexts. The repercussions are evident in declining church attendances as well and the reasons may be attributed to myriad factors pertaining to demographic, psychographic and behavioral modifications. Reports of scandals relatedto sexual abuse from certain sectors of the faith have maligned the reputation of the church. In keeping with the changing times, the church has failed to keep its pace through propagation of its services and preachings and thus have received not enough attention from the common mass particularly the youth. The changing demands and preferences of people have also fallen short under the church settings and activities (Hughes, Fraser and Reid 2012). 2: The new generation churches, in my opinion should consider other strategies of new market segments like targeting and positioning to cater the needs of the hour and improve and recover church going habits among people. Other than demographic segmentation, the churches may apply other suitable segmentation variables such as gender, income status, marital status, level of education and occupation that may have impact the church visits and addressing their issues and demands successfully will offer hope for regaining and increasing the visitors to church. However, the youth from their early teenage should be the potential targets for markets in this matter as they are the most vulnerable and volatile population who express their reluctance to visit the churches (Kotler et al. 2015). 3: Given a chance to work as a marketing consultant for a church encountering declining attendance issues for the past five years, I would suggest an overall modification of the traditional mode of church proceedings and services to help it attract more members. I would recommend the church to undergo a remodeling in terms of its outlook without harming the religious sanctity or chastity. The church should be modernized in terms of both the architecture as well as the infrastructures provided. Gospels and preaching should be rendered by the priest and the bishops in a more informal and humorous manner shunning the heaviness of the indoctrinated testaments thereby motivating the people receiving the preaching. Moreover, the concept of house churches should be implemented and the religious preaching and messages should be made available online for wider reach and easier access (Doll 2013). 4: The Christian religion sector seem to be vastly affected by the external environment and factors like globalization and changing trends in human needs, immigration, advent of other faiths such as Buddhism, Islam with the fading boundaries among different nations with intermixing and cross cultural emergence. The new generation churches should be more concerned about globalization effect and set their priorities and improvise newere services that are more flexible and accomodating suiting the needs of the people of this fast paced time. For future growth defying the declining trends the these churches must equip themselves with friendly and accessible versions of the preachings that may be made available in relevant websites, songs that are sung in modern style instead of the conventional tunes prefereably in collaboration with the famous professional singers and bands to expand their message to a wider audience through circulation of musical CDs and online versions of the hyms (Ma gowan and Schwarz 2016). 5: The website of the Hillsong church in Australia reads that it offers around 12 campuses rich in youthful spirit, generosity; faith filled in confession, lovable in nature and comprehensive in expression and thus moderately articulates its target population of the youths. Website reference of St Marys church belonging to the Anglican sector highlights their service timings and activities for Sundays and weekdays separately, parish office hours, information related to upcoming news and events, pictures in the gallery section to support their claims of the services offered in addition to the worship, wedding and baptism sections information. Thus this particular churchs positioning has been found to be targeted towards no specific group but everyone in general. On the contrary, the website of the paradise church reveals a more informal and youth centric approach devoid of any sort of heaviness or seriousness normally attributed to religious practices and preaching. All the religious doctrines and songs are available online and anyone can purchase them by means of online shopping or access them utilizing their subscriptions. Provision of donation has also been kept here. Partnership with the television units and scope for directly connecting with the groups and ministries through virtual world are also important features of this organization. Thus reviewing the activities of these three church organizations certain contrasting characters for each of their positioning were revealed. References: Doll, P., 2013. JOURNAL OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.The Journal of Ecclesiastical History,64(4), p.836. Hughes, P.J., Fraser, M. and Reid, S.B., 2012.Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources(No. 11). Christian Research Association. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Magowan, F. and Schwarz, C., 2016.Christianity, Conflict, and Renewal in Australia and the Pacific. Brill.

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays (291 words) - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mocking Bird To Kill A Mockingbird: Plot Line This book starts out with a simple plot being narrated by Scout. Through the first 7 or 8 chapters, a load of descriptions and short stories are told to get a realistic picture of what life is like living in Maycomb County. Only minor events occur such as the introduction of all the characters, Gem and Scout meeting a new friend Dill, Scout attending school, and probably the biggest: the introduction and old wives tales about the mysterious neighbor Boo Radley. Some small events that increase the suspense were Gem's pants being mended by an unknown person, and during a local fire, a blanket wrapped around Scout by a stranger. After the reader gets a true feel for life in the South, the action starts to pick up. One day during school, a fellow classmate of Scout calls Atticus a Niger lover. Scout is confused and asks her father what that means. This leads into the discovery of a big trial that is going to occur which is about Atticus defending a black man named Tom Robinson. Gem and Scout become even more suspicious after they see a lynch mob try to attack Atticus and Tom, but Scout luckily comes to the rescue. As the book progresses, the actual trial starts. The children sit with the Negroes for the final day, and listen to the verdict of guilty. Later, Bob Ewell threatens Atticus that he will get revenge. Finally, as Gem and Scout are walking home alone from a play one night, Bob Ewell attacks them and tries to kill the children. Thankfully, Scout and Gem are saved by a mysterious man who turns out to be Arthur Boo Radley. Book Reports

AP US Essay free essay sample

In his South Carolina exposition he denounced the terrified and called for the secession Of any State who agreed. This led a division between those who supported States rights and those who did not. Conflicts such as this arouse frequently during this time period and allowed for two distinct parties to be formed. Major Political Personalities such as Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and John Quince Adams were all candidates for president in 1824. This is where the first split began. All four candidates were from the Republican Party.Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but failed to win the sorority of the Electoral College. According to the constitution, the top three candidates would be voted on in the House of Representatives. Clay is thus eliminated (as he received the 4th amount of votes). Clay used his power as speaker of the House to throw his support to John Quince Adams. We will write a custom essay sample on AP US Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shortly after Quince Adams election he placed Clay in the position of Secretary of State, a known stepping stone to the presidency. Jackson called foul play, and many of Jacksons followers called the Election of 1824 a corrupt bargain. When election time came again in 1828 Jackson went as a democrat while Quince Adams went as Republican. Democratic Jackson won the election. Jackson faced many crises during this time which made him many friends as well as many enemies. The Tariff of 1828, which sought to drive up tariffs on many southern products, was widely disliked by the south but adored by the north and could be seen in the bickering between Daniel Webster (Pro-Tariff) and John C. Calhoun (Anti-Tariff). Calhoun advocated a complete nullification of the bill in South Carolina.Jackson responded immediately by threatening to send in armed forces to collect the taxes if South Carolinas actions emended it. Jackson also made enemies with his Indian Removal Act. Jackson went directly against Supreme Court Rulings. Even though Jackson made many enemies during his first term he was re-elected to a second term and defeated Clay in the Election of 1932. Known in this election was the emergence Of the Anti- Masonic Party. The Anti- Masonic Party was an Anti- Jackson Party; they despised the order of the Jackson Party, as well as Jackson himself, a Mason.A major part of this election was the Bank of the United States; this will be discussed in a later paragraph. During Jacksons second ERM a long term party developed; the Wigs, the Wigs stood for everything that was anti-Jackson. They despised the executive abuse of Jackson (He used the veto power more than any of the other presidents Combined). The Wigs wanted reform and a national bank with paper currency. President Jackson did not run for re-election in 1936 as he was too old.However, by this point in time; two distinct parties had formed. On one side were the democrats. The Jackson Democrats glorified the individual, while still maintaining that the privileged should belong in government. They also held onto the ideas of states rights and federal control in matters regarding society and economics. The Wigs however, favored a natural balance in society as well as the community over the individual; they were incredible anti-Jackson. Wigs also favored a national bank, tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms.Both had many similarities including having mass participation and remaining loyal to American ideals. However, a primary division of the two parties came because of economic issue. The primary issue that arose and led to two political parties was the Bank Of he United States. After the election of Jackson to a second term in 1 832 a problem arose. The Bank of the Ignited States was due to expire in 1 936, thus the Bank needed to be re chartered. A Bank war erupted in 1832 when two sectionalism leaders Daniel Webster and Henry Clay fought over the re chartering of the bank.Clay wished for Jackson to approve the bill as vetoing the bill would harm those in the East who supported the Bank. However Webster was not in favor of the Bank and wanted it to be eliminated. Jackson was whole-heartily against the re chartering as he said the Bank of the united States as monopolistic with Nicholas Fiddle controlling an unconstitutional amount of the Banks wealth and power, Jackson also saw it as beneficial to a select group of the wealthy and kept the finances in one central unit. Jackson decided the Bank of the United States would not be re chartered. Jackson began removing funds from the Bank in the hopes that it would slowly dissolve. Jackson placed these removals into smaller state pet banks. Several smaller wildcat banks also formed and issued their own paper money. This wildcat money led to overpopulation of land in the west ND forced Jackson to issue a Specie Circular ordering that all land be purchased with metallic money. Jackson left office shortly after this and left his successor Van Burden to pick up his mess.The Panic of 1 837 was caused by overpopulation in land to the west, this craze spread to every other sector of the economy. To stop the crisis Van Burn had the Independent Treasury formed in 1840. The Independent Treasury would keep all government funds locked away in vaults. The Wigs, who took control after Van Burn in 1846 created the Federal Reserve System (after repealing the Independent Treasury Act) which is used to control the amount of money in circulation and keep a certain amount in the central government.A major politically party formed because of the Bank of the United States and the troubles precipitating from it; the Wigs. The Wigs stood for a strong national bank in control of every aspect while Jackson and the Democrats believed in central government supervision of state banks. This became a primary distinction between the two political parties and led to the re-emergence of the two party systems in the mid 1 9th century. In summation economic issues and Political Personalities led to distinct two party systems of Wigs and Democrats.

Hometown Essay Essay Example

Hometown Essay Essay Example Hometown Essay Paper Hometown Essay Paper Every town across America presents unique and various qualities. Lass Vegas, which is located in the state of Nevada has many great things to offer. The weather In Lass Vegas stays preferably warm and sunny for most of the year. While in other towns you may have to deal with more rapid weather change or severe conditions. Summers maintain dry heat most days, but sometime during August an occasional rain storms will occur. Winters are mostly short, so youre only dressing warm for a short amount of time. Most people enjoy Vegas because of the warmer weather, which makes it a great town to visit or reside in. Consistent warm weather is convenient to have to do various activities throughout the year. There are plenty of activities to offer With the lasting warm weather in Lass Vegas. Its always a nice day to go swimming or hit the water park to cool down. Most tourists tend to enjoy the weather to walk up and down the strip. Most hotel pools located on the strip include entertainment and bars for guests to enjoy, which is another great way to enjoy the warm weather. Outdoor mall shopping is also more enjoyable with the nice weather in Vegas. With all the activities Vegas has to offer there are certain things that appeal more to tourists. Along with the nice warm weather are the extraordinary tourist sights located on the strip in Lass Vegas. The strip has many beautiful casinos with their own theme. Every casino you walk into is unique in its on way. There are dozens of restaurants, shows and all kinds of entertainment in every casino up and down the strip. For example the casino Planet Hollywood has a Hollywood hip theme. Located in that casino youll find a large shopping mall with hundreds of stores, bars, and restaurants. A sight to see for most tourists is typically the Bellagio fountains. Located at the front of the resort are beautiful fountains that produce a breath taking show every half hour. Those are just a few of the spectacular sights to be seen in Vegas. As you can see, this town can accommodate to anyone. Lass Vegas has much to offer other than the weather and tourist sights.

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis - Case Study Example This increases the pressure on the information department compelling the creation of new ways of conducting business. Such factors provide a great challenge in the management of both the department and the organization thereby complicating Brown’s work. Additionally, Brown had shifted from the company for a number of years. By the time of his return, the company had changed and expanded thereby compelling the development of new mechanisms of conducting business. The change thus makes his management of the department more complex as he loses touch with both the clients and other employees at the organization. His attempts of creating a formal system within the department meet a great opposition from the rest of the organizational structure. Apparently, the organization lacked a formal structure and relied on its contact with the target market to carry out business. This is unlike the management process that Brown had in mind thereby resulting in a conflict of the management pro cesses thus causing a massive operational snarl up. Any form of conflict in the management especially between the organization and one of its key departments such as the information technology headed by Brown resulted in a great operational conflict that possibly slowed down the pace of service delivery. Question 2 The Michael Hammer’s Process and Enterprise Maturity Model is a management assessment mechanism that analyzes the level of organizational maturity through a number of management components. The Pinnacle West Corporation for example performs different in a number of these factors thereby placing it strategically in the development ladder. One of such factors is the organizational culture. A mature organization must have a recognized culture of conducting business. Organizational cultures determine the employee relations and the manner in which the organization conducts business. Additionally, the model assesses the success of any organization culture through the res ults it promises the organization. The PWC has an informal structure and relies on the people for contact. The culture had thus far steered the organization into success and its presence therefore proved the organization mature enough. The other integral factor in the model is leadership, the PWC was divide into department each led by a manager yet all working in unison to result in a cohesive organization. The presence of clearly labeled management structure and the effective flow of command in the organization depict great coordination in the management of the organization. Expertise is yet another factor in the model. The PWC employs established employees with the adequate experience and knowledge to steer the organization into success. Expertise refers to the ability of the employees to execute their mandate efficiently. The feature dictates that the employees must have adequate knowledge and experience to undertake their tasks. Finally, the other factor in the model is governan ce; the organization has an elaborate system of governance based on its management mechanism thereby portraying a great level of maturity. Question 3 The grass root strategy in management seeks to include the ideas of every employee in the management process. The strategy encourages operational dynamism as it solicits the ideas of every employee in project execution. This is a motivational strategy of management since

Do markets and the division of labour encourage or discourage social Assignment

Do markets and the division of labour encourage or discourage social cohesion - Assignment Example 7-10). This splitting up and distributing the labor into smaller tasks and jobs emerged the concept of division of labor, as the production process is a huge and complex process. Adam Smith, one of the well-known economists and capitalists, not only presented this idea of division of labor but also was one of the first people to attempt a theory of it. This means that instead of one person striving to complete the entire job, allocating a group of people to perform a small number of specialized tasks would result in greater productive outputs of intricate jobs with less amount of investment utilization (Smith, 2009, pp. 7-10). In other words, the breaking or splitting the entire (big) job into smaller tasks and duties so that multiple workforce performs the tasks and duties, instead of a single person performing the entire job. Moreover, the division of labors means that the labors come under severance into different categories of labor where each set of different workers perform a different task with the division of the work that can come under accomplishment into a product (Smith, 2009, pp. 7-10). This splitting up the workers for specialized work lays the foundation on the principle that the workforce would be able to produce a higher degree of efficiency and productive output when they comes under constraint to perform a particular process, rather than the entire route. Furthermore, by performing smaller tasks, the workers tend to become more skillful and expert in that particular area of production, thus they would be able to be more productive. This also means that the specialized worker would also require less time in production as the time in switching the jobs would come under elimination (Besanko, Dranove, Shanley & Schaefer, 2009, pp. 49-51). Division of labor is one of the fundamental ideologies used in the production systems. This division of labor into specialized jobs reduces the overall cost leads to the

Managing finanical in health and social care organization Essay

Managing finanical in health and social care organization - Essay Example However. a number of hazards have been associated with the use of mercury-in-glass thermometers. Due to its invasiveness and potential risks, alternatives to mercury-in-glass thermometers are considered. Alternative devices include electronic digital thermometer, tympanic infrared thermometer, chemical dot thermometer and handheld infrared thermometer. The preferred option is chosen through benefit weighting, option appraisal weightings and cost-effective analysis. Consequences on levels of neonates or staff activity for agreeing or not agreeing the option and recommendations are discussed. The process of this business case is discussed in the following paragraphs. There are several mission objectives in my hospital: 1 providing quality hospital care to patient delivered by a team of competent professional staff using advanced facilities and technologies, 2 educating and training health professional who are for patients, their families and the community, and who strive for professional and team development, 3 establishing partnership with like-minded community organizations to achieve a healthy, progressive and productive community, 4 promoting a healthy lifestyle and advocating a compassionate community and a caring family culture for the Hong Kong community (Hospital Report 2005). Among them, I would like to introduce advanced facilities and technologies for delivering patient care in my dept. The hospital has only one neonatal unit, which allows admission of newly born infants. The total number of beds is 40. manpower of the neonatal unit includes 20 nursing staff, 8 health care assistants and 6 amah. There are 5 nursing staff, 2 health care assistants and 1 amah in every morning or afternoon shift. We have to work the delegated job when we are on duty. Nurses are responsible for accurate measurement of body temp. (Browne et al., 2000; Potter, 2001). Thermoregulation is a vital body function, which

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father Barack Obama in his first book Dreams from my Father A story of Race and Inheritance takes his readers to a beautifully crafted journey of self-discovery. His first book was published over a decade ago and is recently re-published by Random House. It is a compelling story of not only race and culture inheritance but also of personal growth, human experience, life lessons and human nature. Obama tells his fantastic life story in a very thoughtful and reflective way. I feel this is a story of a very wisely examined life. The fact that readers, regardless of social background, cultural heritage or skin colour could find themselves in the story reminds me that as human beings as well we all share plenty of similarities and differences. About a few months ago in a very strange incident when the Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates stood on stages around the nation asking who was Barack Obama? They had a very easy access to their own question if they would have read Dreams from my father. If they would have read the story they wouldnt have enough knowledge about the man who would serve as 44th president of the country but more about themselves as well. THE STORY The autobiography tells the story of the life of Barack Obama up to his admission in the Harvard Law School. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama Sr. Of Kenya, a black African and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, a white American, who met as students at the University of Hawaii at Minoa. Obamas parents separated from each other and got divorced in 1964, when Obama was just two years old, and the reason behind the divorce was Obamas father went to Harvard to pursue his PhD but did not have money to take his family with him. Obamas father later on returned to Africa to fulfil his promise to the continent. A kid without his father, Obama formed an imaginary image of his absent father from the stories told by his mother and his grandparents. He could see his father one more time in 1971 when Sr. Obama had come to Hawaii for a month long official visit, without knowing death could be just a few away. Obamas father died in a car accident after 11 years in 1982. After the divorce Obamas mother remarried to Lolo Soetro an East-West Centre student from Indonesia, and then moved to Jakarta. When Obama was just ten years, he returned to Hawaii to get better educational opportunities available in Hawaii, under the care of his grandparents and later his mother. He was enrolled at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school, in fifth grade where he was on of the only six black students at the mostly white school. Obama attended the school from the 5th grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama in his writes For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know. In the school Obama met Ray who introduced him to the African American community. After finishing high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he enrolled at Occidental College, he describes his life there to be a party lifestyle with the drug and alcohol use. After two years of his party life at Occidental, he transferred himself to Columbia college at Columbia University, in Manhattan, New York, where he majored in political science. After graduation, he started a business for a year, which did not go very well, he then moved to Chicago there he worked for a non-profit community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the South side of the city. He recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from apathy on the part of the established bureaucracy and entrenched community leaders. During this time Obama first visited the Chicagos Trinity United Church of Christ only to be motivate himself to do something grand in his life. Obama decided to visit his relatives in Kenya before joining the Harvard Law School. Obama uses the experience Kenya to be the setting for his books final emotional scene. Relating the story with Obamas life the book includes a great deal of reflection on his own personal racial experiences with the Americans in the United States. A FEW RACISM FACTS I ceased to advertise my mothers race at the age of 12 or 13, when I began to suspect that by doing so I was ingratiating myself to whites this is a quote from the introduction in the book Dreams from my Father. This gives the very first glimpse of the racial discrimination and racial issues faced by Barack Obama right from the age of 12 or 13. Obama still had the thrive to continue and achieve everything that he aimed for. There was something about him that made me wary, a little too sure of himself, maybe. And white. This is during the time when he describes a job interview with a man in Chicago. It seemed that race had been a part of their discussion as the white had a certain air about himself seeing Obama being a black, but instead of getting de motivated and upset about the behaviour from the white Obama took it as an opportunity and showed what his true talent was. And at the end he was able to win the person, which was one of his many passions. It remained necessary to prove which side you were on, to show your loyalty to the black masses, to strike out and name names. Obama discusses this part of his life when he talks about his childhood and his schooldays in Hawaii. Though having a white mother Obama faced too many racial discriminations in his school days, which made him vulnerable to the whites. I never emulate white men and brown men whose fates didnt speak to my own. It was into my fathers image, the black man, son of Africa, that Id packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, Dubois and Mandela. This statement shows that though being a black, Barack Obama did not get emulated with his fate to have born a black, he made it his strength and walked ahead instead of walking backwards and run away from the hardships. Despite having faced so many incidences of racial discrimination and underlying authority Barack Obama had only one thing that was unbitten and that was his never dying spirit and courage and this is what i think undoubtedly defines his leadership quality. LEADERSHIP Recently I happened to read an article on leadership qualities and how is a person fit to become a leader. To test the article I decided to experiment with few of my friends, on a casual discussion I asked them who do you think can be a leader? to my amazement the entire discussion turned into an argument whether a leader is born or made. Later on after giving the entire argument much thought I decided to jot down few of the qualities of a leader I could figure out during the discussion. The first thing that I noticed was during the entire conversation there was one friend who did not even attempt to get into the conversation, later when asked he said I dont think thats even a discussion, it was so pointless, Id rather spend my time reading Barack Obama then deciding whether a leader is born or made it is always going to be debatable, thats when I realised that a true leader never gives too much time to such discussions he rather concentrates more on developing his own leadership qualities which he thinks are necessary for his success. One of the other things that I noticed was in a group theres always a person who leads the discussion, gives it a proper flow and concludes it, this group had a leader as well, but the quality i noticed here was a leader always has followers, you take the case of Hitler, Mussolini, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi anyone in that case, they are perfect examples of Leadership and one thing that is common among all of them is they all had th eir own set of followers. Which I think is one of the biggest qualities of a leader, what is the point of leading a group when you do not have anyone to follow? Summarizing the entire incident i could come up with Five qualities that a leader possesses. They are as follows: A leader should be Intelligent Clarity in thought Forward looking Ethical Inspiring Now the important job for a leader is to display his skills or the five qualities mentioned above and at the same time inspiring people to follow. Below is a story of a great leader who doesnt have a name in history, hasnt made it big yet she is a motivation, a role model and has all the qualities for an entrepreneur mentioned above. How often do you get a chance to motivate? How often do you get a chance to touch peoples lives and make them better? Well i just came across a teacher who made it all possible, they called her Miss G. Miss G was a happy, and a fun loving human being, happily married and a perfect husband made her confident, and lively. She came from a political background and as her father she too wanted to do something for the society, she had tried a couple of things already but somehow did not interest her, or rather the work did not approve her, not getting de motivated Miss G joins the Long Island school, Long Beach to try her hands on teaching, little has she thought of what she was getting into, she would have had night mares before step forward to take the job. Her father did not approve of her becoming a teacher, he thought it was too low a profile to work in, she didnt pay attention to it, as she knew she would be able to make her father agree to her choice eventually. She started off her first day as a teacher with a group of students majorly African Americans, who were engaged in gang wars, drugs, fighting etc. She had a hard time even talking to them as they had a typical attitude to the way they lived. They were freshmen at school and obviously hated the fact. The first day she experienced the enmity amongst the students with the issue being the colour of their skin. She has a hard time controlling their fights, but gets hold of it eventually. When she walks out after the school she sees that the whites are on one side of the ground and the black on the other none of them even bothered to interact with the other colour. The very next day she mixes the different colour students within the class to break the ice amongst themselves. That doesnt work very well as many of them feel offended of their colour and stop coming to the class. She tries to figure out for days together what is it that is stopping 13 year kids to talk to each other and discriminate amongst each other due to their colour in modern America. And one day something happens that teaches her the real reason, a boy gets killed by one of the whites just because he was black, she learns the fact that one of her students called Eva was also involved in the incident. She wanted to confront the girl about it but was warned by the administration of the school to not to do so as it was against the policy of the school. She still tries to confront and learns that the blacks are ill-treated by the American cops for no reason, they were bitten up, shot and jailed just for being a black. Miss G didnt realise what to say when she was confronted with a truth like this. She knew the students wouldnt speak to her directly in the class, but she wanted them to take all their pain and sufferings out so that she could heal them and make them better human beings, because she knew, she had hope in them that they werent as bad as they were made out to be. She then came up with this really amazing idea of making them keep their journal, she asked them to write any of their experiences that were close to her heart. She told them she wouldnt read their journal unless and until they would allow her to. She offered them a closet to leave their journals if they wanted her to read them. And to her surprise everyone wrote in their journals and left them behind for her to read it. The administration of the school was strictly against all the activities that she was doing and wouldnt support her or help her even with the material she required for the class. Miss G didnt give up on the kids, she worked double jobs just so that she could provide them with the materials that they needed. But in all of this her personal life, her happy marriage had started to go on the rough track. Thus she was losing support both from her working environment as well as her husband. But with her determination and passion to make a difference to those kids lives, she continues to teach with all the hurdles and difficulties that she was facing. With all the efforts she was putting in she succeeded in making the class room a home for all the kids she was teaching. Her husband left her, the administration didnt agree with her efforts and the people around her tried every possible way to de motivate her. But she was a warrior princess despite having an emotional breakdown, the threat to lose the job, no home she never gave up or rather never bowed to the situations, she kept fighting. During the entire mess up she was going through for the first time her motivating force was her father. Her father told her I am jealous of what my daughter is being able to do, she did what I had dreamt for myself, which I think in itself is a driving force for any individual. And with the warrior she was this just added to her strength. She motivated the kids to keep their own journals, this time she motivated them to convert their journals into books. The kids already following the footsteps of their teacher readily agreed to it, and after months of rigorous work they came up with their own individual books with their own stories. Their own stories of struggle and their own stories of survival, she had succeeded. This motivated Miss G to write her own book for the kids and the experience with them. She amazingly called them the freedom writers. My Learning It is not necessary that you make it big if you are an entrepreneur, it is not necessary that the world should know what a big personality are you. The satisfaction comes from within. One if the question that i came across while reading the book was why doesnt everyone have a name in history? What is so special about the people who have made it big? the answer to the question was their intelligence. Imagine what if everyone had the same wavelength, what if everyone was as intelligent as Mr Narayan Murthi of Infosys, Mr Warren Buffet the investor, Mr Bill Gates of Microsoft, there would be a new Infosys and Microsoft coming up every day in every different corner of the world. There wouldnt have been any uniqueness in their ventures. Thus intelligence plays a vital role in what you do. Intelligence plays a vital role in what you do but intelligence without clarity of thought cannot be put to the best use. Imagine Bill Gates having an idea of launching Microsoft but doesnt know where, when and how, i think without a clear vision he wouldnt have been able to do any of it. And lastly having a vision of where you want to be sums up to all the things that are needed to be a leader. Thus a mixture of an intelligent, forward looking and clear minded individual makes it to be the best leader. Conclusion Whether its Miss G or Barack Obama, both of them had their own share of hardships and struggles one thing that kept them going was their never say NO attitude to life. This is what has made them a leader, an entrepreneur and a satisfied human. At the end of the day it is not what you do or what you make out of what youre doing, it is the learning that life offers for the present and the future. Lions sleep 18 hours a day if hard work alone was the secret to success, then donkey would have been the king of the jungle.

Bullying & Statement of the Problem

Bullying is an issue that has been affecting many in the world today. It takes place in many forms some of which are direct and include physical harm on the victim. Verbal bullying involves name calling and insults or threats being directed at the victim and may also involve emotional bullying where the victim’s emotions are targeted by the bully. Other forms of bullying may be indirect where the harm is not caused on the person directly but it still ends up affecting the person. Bullying is termed as a form of abuse that uses power and dominance to those that are weaker and less powerful.Bullying has been taking place in various areas but it is mostly common in schools and workplaces. It exists in various social groups, social classes and is found all over the world. The behavior is usually repetitive and aggressive and it is based on the sole intention of hurting the victim. Bullies carry out the behavior to harm the other person as a way of gaining power over the other pers on. It is normally a behavior that is planned and purposeful. Bullying in schools has become very common and it has led to some very serious consequences.It has led to physical violence in forms of fight and in some extreme cases deaths by suicides. Cases have emerged of some forms of bullying in the schools that have led to some of these severe consequences. Children who are victims have had to live with short term and long term consequences of the behavior. Some of the other effects include poor performance in their studies, depression, bedwetting, being withdrawn, changing schools regularly and is some cases suicides among others (Norfolk, n. d). Over 7% of children especially in the 8th grade tend to stay at home once a month since they are bullied in schools (Banks, 1997).Reports have also shown that about 15% of students are bullied on a regular basis with some being initiated into the bullying practice. Direct bullying is more common among boys than with the girls. However ph ysical abuse in boys tends to reduce as they progress in age. The victims of bullying sometimes carry these effects such as depression and low self esteem into their adulthood. b) Historical Overview Bullying in schools has been on going for a long time now and is experienced in very many areas of the school.It occurs in some specific areas in the school compound and environment which include the School Bus Park, hallways and bathrooms and even during recess (Banks, 1997). It normally consists of a group of bullies who like isolating a student and bullying them by teasing and taunting the student. Some of them pressure the student to perform various tasks that humiliate the student. Teachers and school administrators have also been known to perpetrate bullying in the schools. They target a particular student and humiliate or abuse the student aggressively. The causes of bullying arise from the social setting of the bullies.The bullies usually get the trait from the family setting or from experiences from home. Studies have shown that most bullies emerge from families that experience physical forms of punishment and where the families are undergoing some form of abuse. School bullies tend to lack warmth from their parents and they then strike back through bulling other children in order to handle their problems. They may also acquire the behavior by learning it from friends and peers (Banks, 1997). There are several characteristics that bullies have in common especially in the schools.Most of the students who feel the need to bully others are usually looking to gain control since they normally feel more powerful than their intended victims. They tend to get satisfied once they see their victims suffering and they do not feel empathetic at all towards the victims (Stanffordshire, n. d). When defending themselves they sometimes use the reasons that the victim provoked them to bully them. Most bullies usually have high self esteem and they rarely perform the bully ing act since they feel bad for themselves. They are however antisocial, defiant and badly behaved.They tend to break rules and display a lot of arrogance and opposition in schools. Victims of bullies on the other hand are usually very insecure, cautious and they suffer from low self esteem (Olweus, n. d). They rarely confront the bullies to defend themselves. They are insecure and anxious and may lack social skills needed to make friends. They tend to come from families where their parents are overprotective. The major characteristic that is found with victims of bullying is that they are weaker than the bullies and this makes it difficult for them to fight the bullies back.The purpose of this paper is to advocate for laws to be passed across the U. S to ban bullying in schools and teachers and administrators being given more authority and responsibility to intercept and deal with bullying. This paper discusses bullying as a problem in schools n regard to how it has evolved in the past, its effects on the victims and how it can be stopped. The role of teachers and school administrators in the prevention of bullying is also highlighted together with their views and those of parents and legal sources.The various laws that have been passed by the U. S states are discussed and how important they are in relation to the increase in suicides cases among children and long term psychological impacts on victims. Finally the state of Massachusetts’ stand on bullying laws is discussed. 2. 0 Methodology This research paper is an insight into an in-depth analysis of a review of literature with respect to bullying and why laws should be passed across the United States on the same in an effort to curb this vice.Moreover, studies related to the giving of teachers and administrators more authority and responsibility to intercept and deal with bullying rather than ignoring it has been adequately studied. It bears noting that the focal point of the study is mainly on book s and other scholarly materials which tackle bullying from all aspects. This is particularly bent on the fact that much as many students go through this, some of the experiences they pass through in the process affect them adversely later in life. All the scholarly materials that were selected are either published books, certified websites and prestige journals.Moreover, these cover a wide range in terms of years because bullying is not an issue that began recently but has been there for quite some good time. It equally bears noting that all the articles analyzed were specifically from credible websites. Additionally, the research was limited to substantial secondary sources in order to employ studies already carried out by others on the same topic, primary sources were unavailable. To better analyze the whole idea, the paper was divided into categories based on the approach used to handle the whole research. 3.0 Literature Review Several studies have been done with regard to bullyi ng but the main points highlighted include the effects that come with bullying. Norfolk (n. d) puts it that children who are victims end up performing poorly in school, being depressed and some may even commit suicide. To back up this argument Banks (1997) points out that more than 7% of children in the 8th grade tend to stay at home once a month due to being bullied in school. On the same note, Stanffordshire (n. d) depicts that it is more satisfiying for the bullies to see their victims suffer.Further research indicates that victims of bullies are usually very insecure (Olweus, n. d), similarly Wright adds to the bargain by pointing out that th victims tend to have very low self esteem (2003). Moreover, Digizen (n. d) brings in a new perspective to the issues by incorporating the environment in the technological world creating anxiety among the children where children use the same for purposes of bullying. The legal view of the whole issue as pointed out by Antibullying ( n. d) is that the legal system should be efficient in weighing the matter and any cases brought forward.Likewise, authors such as Rota (2010), GLAD (2010) and O'Dowd ( 2010) have given specific suicide cases which are worth considering. Another noteworthy matter depicted in the studies of Dombeck (n. d) is that the primary outcome of the whole ordeal to the victims is to do with be loneliness being part of their life through to adulthood. It comes with relief that â€Å"Chapter 92 of the Acts of 2010,†(2010) is a law which has made it vital for anti bully policies to be posted on school websites and be made available to any student or parent if need arises. 4. 0 BullyingBullying is a serious problem that is affecting the academic and social lives of the school going children. In order to understand the problem and develop an intervention plan that can be used to stop it, it is important to identify the various forms of bullying that are going on within the schools and the trends they are taking. It is also important to understand how they are carried out and the effects that arise from the practice. This will help develop a plan that will be able to establish a safe and secure environment in the schools for all children. i) Evolution of BullyingBullying behavior has been continuously changing over the years. Different forms of bullying have emerged and they continue to develop and be used in the schools. Technology has played a very big role in the evolution of the behavior. The first forms of bullying that have existed over the years included both direct and indirect methods that were used in the practice. The methods continue to be in use till today but have been evolved by the use of technology. Name calling was one of the types of bullying that were used by the bullies on the victims (Stanffordshire, n.d). The victims were given certain names that were intended to humiliate them and lower their self esteem. The method has since evolved and is in use in more places rather than just in schools. Physical bullying has also evolved from the physical injuries that were inflicted on the victims and it has included theft as a method that is used to involve threats and lead to the violence. Social isolation that was once used to make the victims stay alone without friends and was experienced by children of all age groups has evolved to also include homophobic isolation.Homophobic isolation is the type of isolation that is practiced by the bullies on the children who are termed as gay or they are seen to be gay (Stanffordshire, n. d). It also includes those seen to be bisexual or they portray characteristics that make them seem to be associated with the opposite sex. It is being practiced in the secondary schools and higher levels of education. The method is normally spread through the social websites through gossip and in other websites. One form of bullying that has emerged in schools involves the abuse that is directed on children who are of different races and cultures.This form of bullying has been growing over the years with cases being reported that show the increase. The cases also show that the bullying is also changing according to the different age groups. 25% of children of age 8 were seen to be bullied more compared to the children who were 5 years who only made 20% of the overall cases in that age group (Stanffordshire, n. d). Cyber bullying is the latest and most commonly used form of bullying in the schools today. It continues to evolve with the changes in technology. It uses text messages, emails and various posts on websites as a way of bullying.Studies show that over 20% of young people in schools who are between the ages of 11 and 19 have been bullied through this form of bullying (Stanffordshire, n. d). The children in the schools today are growing up in a different technological world that is very different from that of the adults. They have experienced information and technological developments that they are now using to evolve the bullying practice. The environment in the technological world is becoming threatening and is creating anxiety among the children. They are misusing the technology especially the mobile and internet to bully others.Over 22% of young people have been reported to carry out cyber bulling (Digizen, n. d). They are able to carry out the whole practice remaining anonymous to the victim. This form of bullying has made it possible for the bullies to carry out the practice at any time or place (Digizen, n. d). ii) Effects of Bullying There are various consequences that are seen to arise from the practice of bullying. Students who are seen to bully others tend to carry the practice out of school and they tend to get involved in criminal activities and they experience a lot of legal trouble in their adulthood.They maintain this behavior even in the workplaces negatively affecting their ability to develop relationships that are positive. A study has proven that 60% of the students who were bullies when they were in grade 6-9 were convicted of a crime by the age of 24 (Banks, 1997). The bullies are also prone other problematic behaviors such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. Victims of bullying tend to be very unhappy while in schools and they end up getting depressed and have low self esteem (Wright, 2003). Their school work is affected and they may choose to remain at home instead of going to school.They tend to isolate themselves from social activities that involve the schools and this makes them even lonelier. The loneliness and depression may lead them to commit suicide. This is particularly in the cases of emotional bullying where the emotions are targeted by the bullies. The victims also have difficulties when forming relationships in the future. The by standers who witness the bullying also get affected by it. They are not able to stop the bullying or help out the victim even though he or she may be their friend. Some are usually afraid of becoming the next victim so they end up avoiding confronting the bully.Others on the other hand may be of the opinion that the victim deserved the bullying (Sampson, 2002). They may actively get involved by teasing and ostracizing the victim and motivating the bully. They may also feel less accountable for the actions that are going on when they are in a group. Hence they do not feel the urge to help the victim. iii) Role of Teachers and School Administrators Teachers and school administrators have a role to play in preventing bullying in the schools and making the schools a safe haven free from any bullying activities.They should first be aware of the existence of the problem so that they can develop measures to intervene. The teachers can help detect the existence of the practice and encourage the victims of bystanders to speak out. The interventions that are developed should be able to include the whole school and not intimidate the bullies or the victims either (Olweus , n. d). Teachers and the school administrators can also help identify the areas that are used by the bullies to attack the victims since they mostly do so in private and hidden areas. They should therefore eliminate the existence of such areas within the school’s compound.They can also involve the students to develop rules within the classrooms that are against the behavior. To increase awareness of the problem to the parents, the school administrators should develop parent teacher days to make the parents aware of the problem’s existence and the importance of the parents to get involved in the whole process (Sampson, 2002). iv) Views on Bullying in Schools a) Legal View The legal system rarely deals with cases of bullying though there are some laws that have been set up to fight against it. This is mainly because there are many cases of bullying that are not very serious.The legal system hence allows the school to deal with these small minor cases. Schools and the pa rents are given a chance to work together to come up with strategies that help prevent and stop it. It is important for the bullying cases to be handled quickly and efficiently before they bring more damages when they become too serious (Antibullying, n. d). This however does not eliminate the chances of legal action being used to stop the bullying. There are circumstances that call for legal intervention as a last resort due to the seriousness of the incident.The parents, victims and other bystanders have the responsibility to report the incident to the police. Legal action can also be carried out if the other methods that have been used to intervene by the parents and the teachers have failed. It is also encouraged when there is a possibility that the bullying will reduce once the case is reported. When the bullying also takes place outside the school compound, the parents and teachers together with the community can cooperate with the police to prevent and stop it. Bullying is tr eated as an offence that is against the law when it becomes too serious and the consequences are very damaging.It is seen to affect the rights of other individuals and their freedom. When it is carried out against other students on the basis of race and cultural differences it is termed as being racism (Antibullying, n. d). b) Parents, Teachers and School Administrators View Despite the seriousness of the matter, some views exist that portray the behavior of bullying as acceptable. Parents have been known to have views on bullying that encourage the practice even further especially if it is their child who is bullying others. Some parents hold the view that boys will be boys.This view tends to imply that physical bullying is an acceptable behavior and hence they encourage the children to be more aggressive and physically abuse other children. Research has proven that the aggressive behavior to bully is learnt and it is not a natural response (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers , 2003). Some other views that are used by parents include the view that words cannot hurt. This view is argued that even though the words do not leave any physical marks or bruises on the children they are able to leave emotional scars that are more damaging than the physical bruises and words.The words spoken tend to have long term consequences and effects on the victims as they affect the self esteem and confidence. Some bullies are able to learn this from an early age and they use this approach to intimidate other children (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). Bullying by some parents is viewed as a natural part of childhood and they tend to dismiss their children when they disclose the fact that they are being bullied in schools (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003).Parents normally take up this view since the occurrence of bullying is so common hence it looks like a normal thing to occur to children when they are in school. The truth of the matter is tha t the aggression that is both physical and emotional should not be taken to be a normal part of childhood and action should be taken against it. Some parents are of the view that bullying is carried out to make the children become tougher. They hold the opinions that the more that the children are bullied the more they are able to toughen up and become strong emotionally and physically.The truth however is that bullying lowers their self esteem and makes them more afraid. It also lowers their self worth and affects their academic and social life even in their adulthood. Bullying is normally carried out with an intention to harm the victim and inflict a sense of power among the bullies (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). v) Stopping Bullying in Schools It is sometimes difficult to understand how schools can provide the environment for bullying to take place yet they are very well supervised.Bullying however is carried out secretly and in hidden areas and adults includin g parents and teachers are not able to notice when it is going on. Other reasons that make it hard to detect is the fact that the school staff may see it as harmless play and therefore decide not to intervene. There may also be lack of enough supervisory settings that could lead to detecting the behavior in its likely occurrences (Wright, 2003). a) Laws on Bullying Anti bullying legislation has been developed to help curb the rise and spread of bullying within the school environment.The legislation provides for firm and fair enforcement of discipline within the school and security measures that provide for a climate that does not allow for bullying and threat making. The laws have been developed to help the school administrators’ deal with the issue. They require the schools to develop anti bullying policies and programs (Clabough, 2010). A national legislation that is against bullying has been proposed to make it mandatory for all schools to have these programs and policies that will help reduce the bullying incidents.The laws have been developed to emphasis to the schools that much is not being done to deal with bullying and that more needs to be done since bullying is an important issue that is affecting the schools. The laws are allowing for various legal actions to be taken up against the bullies who are reported to have bullied a fellow student. The legal action to be taken depends on the type of offence that has been reported (Clabough, 2010). For example where the offence reported involved included threatening the victim, legal action can be taken for threatening behavior and this is treated as a criminal offence.When the bullied acts involve sexual assault towards the victim, the legal action can be taken against indecent assault which is also treated as a criminal offence. An offence of common assault is charged against the bully when the victim was physically abused. Legal action may also include applying for an injunction against the bullies to prevent them from bullying the victim. The injunction can be used to instill fear upon the bully and hence stopping them from bullying the victim. Legal action however is only carried out if the actions of the bully are in more that two separate occasions and they are constant and ongoing.Evidence has to be gathered to prove the harassment and it must show that it led to severe damages to the victim (Clabough, 2010). The two offences of indecent assault and common assault can also be carried out without touching the victim. b) Their importance The anti bully legislation is very important in reducing the cases of bullying in the schools when everything has failed. The law can help sensitize the issue and teach the parents and teachers the need and importance of stopping the bullying behavior as it leads to severe consequences that are long term in some cases.The teachers and staff at the schools are taught how to identify and deal with bullying cases and establish effective strat egies that enable the children report the cases of bullying within the school (Antibullying, n. d). The laws can also be used to teach and educate the children on bullying the strategies and types of bullies that are in existence and how they can deal. The laws can also help curb the spread of the practice to other areas like the work places and other environments outside the school environment.Bullies can also be helped since most of them end up committing other crimes in the adulthood (Dombeck, n. d). The consequences of bullying can also be reduced especially where they are long term and severe like in the cases of suicides and psychological impacts on the children. c) Suicides by Children The need for these laws has been necessitated by the increase in the number of suicides cases that have been reported. One case in particular is the case of Phoebe Prince, a 15 year student who committed suicide after she was continuously bullied by her new classmates for over 3 months (Rota, 2 010).She had continuously been harassed verbally and physically by nine of her classmates, six of whom have been charged in court since the incident happened (O'Dowd, 2010). She had been a student of South Hadley High School located in Massachusetts, and had endured a lot of cyber bullying through popular websites like facebook, Twitter, Craigslist and Form spring and she also received threatening messages on her cell phone (Clabough, 2010). In school things had been thrown at her, while her face had been scribbled in her photographs that were hung on the school walls.The parents and the school officials had not done enough to stop the bullying even though they knew of the extent it had gone into. They had instead turned away and assumed a mentality of kids will be kids that led to the suicide. This was one of the cases that led to the Massachusetts anti bully legislation that was to curb such incidents from occurring (GLAD, 2010). d) Long Term Psychological Impact Bullying has been known to lead to long term effects that affect the victim’s psychology. Some of the effects of bullying include self esteem problems that may cause the adult to think lowly of them selves (Dombeck, n. d).They also tend to avoid social situations due to the interpersonal difficulties that they experience. Some of the victims of school bullying have reduced occupational opportunities since they do not get the chance to perform well in school. They have lingering bitterness and desires to seek revenge against the bullies. Some tend to have a lot of difficulty trusting people and they do not make many friends. They therefore tend to be lonely even in their adult life. In some cases the victims of school bullying continue to be bullied even in their work places and in other areas even in their adult life (Dombeck, n. d).e) Helping the Victim Overcome Victims of school bullying are usually very sad and deeply unhappy when they are in school (Banks, 1997). They suffer from low self esteem since they are usually self rejected by the classmates. There are various that the school can help the victims overcome the bullying and prevent it from occurring to them again. The first step of intervening is to ensure the victims safety. The victims are usually weaker than the bullies and hence they are not able to face the bullies on their own. The victims can be monitored when they are in schools to identify the times that they are bullied (Wright, 2003).The victim can also be encouraged to make friends with other students who will influence him or her positively. This will help increase the self esteem and confidence of the victim. As the victim makes more friends they may be able to help him when they are being bullied. They can be taught basic social skills to enable them make more friends. Mentors can also be allocated to the children who are bullied to be able to monitor them and protect them from the bullies (Wright, 2003). Victims can also be taught some skill th at can they can use to stand up to the bullies especially when they abuse is verbal.The parents of the victims can help the children to overcome the effects of bullying. The parents can become more involved in the lives of the child to ensure that they are able to notice the instances of bullying. They can help the child speak out when they are being bullied. Counseling can also help the child deal with the psychological effects of bullying such as depression, low self esteem and anxiety. They can therefore be able to deal with the anger that they may feel against the bullies and the need to seek revenge (Dombeck, n. d). f) Helping BulliesBullying is normally carried out in a secretive manner and can be difficult to identify within the schools (Wright, 2003). Teachers and school administrators may not be aware of how it is carried out. They must therefore assess the seriousness of the behavior and ensure that the students are aware of the seriousness of the matter. They should also be aware of the consequences of bullying and the charges that exist for bullies. If the bullies continue threatening the lives of the other students the teachers and the school administrators should now come up with ways to help the bullies turn around their behaviors.They can confront the bullies in a firm and fair manner that will not provoke them. They can communicate to the bullies without threatening them and give stern warnings that their behavior will not be tolerated. More stern measures can be put up if the bullies do not change their behavior. The confrontations should be carried out in private to ensure that they bully does not become defiant and refuse to compliance (Wright, 2003). To encourage them to change their behavior they can be rewarded if the cases for bullying reduce.Parents can be involved in the process to establish the reasons that lead the children to bully others. Where the reasons are based on the environment at home the parents can be involved in the pro cess of reforming the behaviors of the bullies. Counseling can be used to help the children deal with the issues at home and reduce their chances of taking out their problems or anger on other students (Banks, 1997). g) State of Massachusetts Stand The State of Massachusetts has become the 42nd state in the U. S to develop anti bully laws that are to be putt up in the schools (Clabough, 2010).The anti bully laws are one of the strongest laws that are against the bullying behavior being carried out in schools. The law which was developed in May of this year is very strict and requires all the schools within the state to protect their students from bullying and they must abide by this law (GLAD, 2010). This law applies to all the school regardless of whether they are private or public. It clearly defines the behavior of bullying and includes any repeated hostility that is directed to a student whether written, verbal or even if it is technologically spread.The technological methods in clude mass communication form of media that the victim can access directly or indirectly. It has taken into consideration the use of social media like facebook that are used to bully victims by writing on their walls. The law has made it compulsory for every school in the state with the exception of some private schools to have an anti bully policy that should be posted on the websites of the schools and made available to any student or parent that may need it (â€Å"Chapter 92 of the Acts of 2010,† 2010).The law also states that the policy should among others have procedures that should be followed whenever a bullying case is reported by a student. Disciplinary actions should also be stipulated in the policy clearly according to the law together with the procedures for notifying the parents of any cases that may involve their children bullying or being bullied. It further stipulates that the schools should offer counseling services to the victims of the bullying as well as t he bullying themselves.According to the Massachusetts law, the teachers and the school administrators should undergo some training to be in a position to handle the bullying cases in the schools and also come up with ways of preventing them from happening (GLAD, 2010). The training should also make them aware of the causes of bullying and various types of incidences that make up cyber bullying. The law has also given the teachers the mandate to report the cases of bullying once they notice them to the relevant authorities. School administrators should also be in able to investigate the reports of bullying and carry out disciplinary action on the students involved.Students within the state are required by the law to know and understand the behavior of bullying. The schools should be able to teach them this information and make them understand. This includes the children who are in between the ages of kindergarten and those that are in grade 12 (GLAD, 2010). The students should be tau ght how to prevent bullying and how to handle the bullies appropriately. They should also know the differences that exist among the children who bully them and why they bully them.The law has been very effective in the region and cases of bullying have been seen to have reduced significantly. 5. 0 Conclusion Bullying is a serious issue that is affecting very many children in the schools and has been going on for a very long time now. There is need to come up with a method that will help eliminate its existence especially the new form of bullying that has emerged that is the cyber bullying. Anti bully laws can help eliminate this kind of bullying together with the other forms of bullying that have been in practice. Cyber bullying is hard to detect but its conseque

East Asian and American Education Essay

One of the phenomenon I experienced and observed a lot is East Asian students, comparingly, speak less in class than American students. More precisely, the students impacted by western education is more talkative (in a class discussion) than the students learned under East Asian education system. Besides the language issue, I am more interested in the foundation of different that drove behind this phenomenon. And I believe this is a good example of how culture affects our mind, further, our behavior. To explore this question, I will discuss the differences between East Asian and Western education system in several aspects: First, the major cultural difference existing in two cultures. Why western education values discussion and why does east asian education value lecture? The difference in professor-student relation, Students’ expectation in learning, and finally, the benefit in each education system. For the major cultural difference between East Asian and Western education system, we can look at the core difference of two culture. That East Asian culture values homogeneous and society as a whole while Western culture emphasizes dynamic and individual. So what does this apply to learning? Amy and Jin, both writers in cross-cultural education field, pointed out that East Asian education values self to be perfect morally and socially while Western education emphasizes creativity and critical thinking. (Chua, 2011, Li, 2012) The purpose of learning shaped education so differently from east to west, that it reflects on every aspect of learning. Teaching method, for instance, American school usually has seminar and East Asian school has mostly lecture. In a seminar, it is the students who are the presenters, so one can hear others opinion and the professor has only a limited role for leading the discussion. It forces students to participate and think about what he/she is learning, and helps students to reform the new learned knowledge with the old ones. It perfectly fits the purpose of western education: think critically and absorb dynamic thoughts. Contrary, students have a more passive role in a lecture, professor being the only role that deliver the knowledge. Students take everything from and only from the instructor and usually not question it even if they doubt it. In East Asian education system, teacher is the center of knowledge (Whang, 2002). Which is not the idea of the Western education system. This can be traced back to ancient China and Confucius culture, which advocated students to respect the teacher. And students were educated to trust everything a teacher gives and should see it as the only truth. Thus, the role of teacher is also a huge factor that affects two education systems. As described, the role of the teacher in East Asian education is majestic, teacher has abso lute authority, and students revere their teacher. Because students believe everything the teacher taught, any concepts that different from the teacher is considered to be wrong, making East Asian students tend not to talk in class unless he/she is sure about the things he/she is going to say is right or meaningful to class. What do students expect in the class? In a research done by a foreign language teacher in China, she pointed that â€Å"students expected to be provided with a detailed systematic plan pertaining to the course provision and delivery to enhance mutual understanding between teachers and students.†, and â€Å"Students show great respect to teachers, but they also expect teachers to have thorough knowledge of the subjects they teach.† (Xiao, 2006), showing that students is prepared to be taught instead of participate in the teaching process. In other hand, in Western education system, student is the central and is required to participate. Learning happens while teaching. When in a class, teacher hope students can integrate into the teaching-learning environment. There’s no absolute right and wrong in a seminar, students speak to express their thought, this is the most important thing in a class. Teacher’s role, more like an introducer of learning, is to lead students into the topic, and students are the decision maker of what he/she wants to take out from the class. Finally, discussing about the benefit of each education system. Teachers have more control in a lecture and in East Asian education, can better delivering ideas. Students can get instant answer and more details for the subject they’re learning. Learners usually develop an independent personality under this kind of education system, are used to know and absorb the answer and theory itself than to understand the reason of the theory. People like to explore and solve the problem by themselves before asking for help. In the Western education system, seminar helps to broaden the subject of learning, student learns not only from the teacher but also the classmates and are exposed to ideas come from different background of aspects. This helps a person to develop creative, confidence and the ability to cooperate with others. Learners under this kind of educating system also care about the reason and principle of a theory than just knowing the theory itself. Reference 1. Chua, A (2011). Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. United States: Penguin Group . 2. Xiao L (2006). Bridging the Gap Between Teaching Styles and Learning Styles: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. 10, . 3. Li, J (2012). Cultural Foundations of Learning. Rhode Island: Brown University. 4. Whang, Y (2002). Research in Applied Psychology. Taiwan: Wu-Nan Culture.

Movie Critics essays

Movie Critics essays Visitors at the Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor often sense a feeling of deep sorrow, an almost instantaneous mourning for thousands of men who perished there on December 7, 1941. Now because of Randall Wallace and Michael Bay's film, Pearl Harbor, all people can come close to experiencing the destruction that swept through Battleship Row that day. Based upon the film's effective use of cinematography, careful attention to historical details, and action packed battle scenes, Pearl Harbor lives up to the audience's expectations. Based upon the events surrounding the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor naval base on the morning of December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor tells the story of two childhood friends (Rafe and Danny), both U.S. Army pilots who fall in love with the same woman (Evelyn). The film can best be understood if viewed in three parts. The first part focuses on the love story between the three leads. The second part reveals the actual events that transpire before and during the Japenese attack. The third part involves the aftermath for the United States and the individuals involved in the love story. Michael Bay's excellent camera work and skillful film editing in Pearl Harbor connects the viewer emotionally to the harsh reality before, during, and after the attack of Pearl Harbor. The blurred moments, juggled film stock, lenses, and color treatments create a collage of destruction and emotions. Bay helps the viewer sense the vulnerability of the American people before the attack with shots of Japanese fighter planes buzzing like swarming bees over the heads of kids playing baseball, moms hanging laundry, and sailors fishing from piers. Blurred moments in the film reflect the stress, fear, and confusion portrayed at the hospital as Evelyn, an Army nurse, must perform triage on the hundreds of casualties that flood her hospital, using lipstick to mark those doomed to die on the front lawn. The horror of ...

A Street Car Named Desire Essays

A Street Car Named Desire Essays A Street Car Named Desire Essay A Street Car Named Desire Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, the obsessive need to escape from reality defines the protagonist Blanched Dubos. Haunted by the fact that she incited the suicide of her young husband, Blanched is unable to cope with what has since become of her life. She relies on fables and illusions to reconstruct a more socially acceptable self. However, the antagonistic relationship between Blanched and Stanley Kowalski threatens her fantasy, as he continuously confronts her with reality and threatens to shatter the illusions others have about her. Stanley represents complete realism and Blanched is fantastical and idealistic. Thus, the interactions between the two are clearly representative of the struggle between reality and fantasy in the play. A struggle in which reality triumphs as Blanched ultimately becomes unable to differentiate between the truth and her lies. From the very beginning of the play, it is clear that the world Blanched lives in a fantasy land. A world in which her indiscretions and lack of wealth do not affect her status as an aristocratic lady. Blanche aims to cover her fading looks by covering the bulb with a paper lantern. This could be suggestive of trying to cover the truth. Blanche says that she still has a sense of vanity over her looks even though she is aware that her looks are slipping suggesting that shes insecure which would be relatable to the audience. This is significant as Blanche often lies about her age in the play and is portrayed as a compulsive liar. It presents the idea that Blanche lies to achieve the sense of security that shes missing. But when the audience learn that the dark is comforting, this implies the idea of keeping people in the dark so that she may carry on her fai ade. This all would lead the reader into perhaps forming a conclusion that you would form in fai ade in a situation where you feel like you dont comfortable in terms of the way you are, so generally construct a fai ade to fit in. However you could argue that Blanche does the opposite and this is demonstrated through the way in which she acts to be superior to others around her. Her acts of superiority are shown through small gestures and when through stage directions the audience become aware that shes Fanning herself with a palm leaf and wearing tiaras. The fact that Blanche has many different attributes makes her conceivably more real in my point of view. Through the concept and idea of vanity that Blanche shows could represent every woman, which applies even more in the 21st century where it is clear that vanity and appearance are everyday important issues. Through the way she acts by Fanning herself with a palm leaf in that scene indicates that she feels important, which is what everyone initially wants and causes the interpreter to sympathise. When she suggests that she hasnt put on one ounce in 10 years as being a huge accomplishment it evokes the interpreter to reference to magazines articles, especially womens magazines as they are obsessed with weight and their magazine strongly focuses on looking good, but for whom? Another highlighted theme in the play is male dependency. His is shown through the fact that both the main female characters in the play require a male presence to achieve happiness. It is possible that Blanche may be trying to become her sister in terms of settling down and that the relationship between Stella and Stanley makes Blanche feel pity upon herself for not having someone of her own. This could also suggest why Blanche is so intent on looking good so that she may attract male suitors. Referring to Stella also being dependant on men is made obvious by Williams because in many scenes Stanley is portrayed as physically abusive, but Stella still goes back to him. Blanche even tries to convince her that she can do better Youre not old! You can get out. But Stella still decided to stay with Stanley. From this the audience receive the impression of Stella has chosen Stanley over Blanche or Blanches idea and it could be to do with the fact that the future that Stanley represents is more secure than the one promised by Blanche. Blanche views marriage to Mitch as a means of escaping destitution. The many encounters with men, Strangers have left Blanche emotionally scared but also with a poor reputation. Blanche tries to hide this reputation as it makes her unattractive which is when Mitch finds out he rejects Blanche by saying I dont think I want to marry you no more saying that shes not Clean enough to bring home to his mother. After this failed attempt Blanche thinks of Shep Huntliegh who might rescue her. Blanche is so dependant on men that she hasnt realised the rational aspect where she is independent and learns to rescue herself. It is apparent that through the course of the play Blanches dependency on the kindness of a stranger leads to her downfall rather then salvation as it puts her fate into the hands of others. Williams could be intending to put through a moral teaching through the character of Blanche in the play; dont be too reliant. Both Blanche and Stella are symbolic of reliant/ dependant women. This could have caused strong emotional issues to be raised by feminist and women today, as there is more freedom. But historically makes sense since the feminist act didnt come around till the 1960s, so women wouldve been reliant for a male breadwinner. Williams highlights the concept of new versus the old in the play and Blanche herself is symbolic of old values and the feudalist epoch. She represents a system where there is hierarchical structure based on status that is achieved through family reputation. Blanche is a relic of the old south, the America that was beginning to fad away. This is revealed through Blanches expectation for her sister when she asks You have a maid, dont you? implying that in Belle Reeve the DeBois wouldve been familiar to a life where privileges like maids, would be common. This concept is important in the play as it shows the constant struggle between the Old South trying to remain alive and become a part of New Orleans which is at most a part of the new Industrialised era. Her struggle to keep this part of her alive is made apparent when she states on her birthday that Stanleys commonness isnt necessary when Stanley throws food, showing that she is still trying to uphold manners and common curtsy which is lacking. If Blanche is representative of the old America, then Stanleys representative of the new line of industrial labourers. In this sense Stanley is symbolic of the new. He believes that he is equal to Blanche in terms of status, perhaps even greater due to the fact that he is referred to as the new heterogeneous worker, who work to achieve everything they possesses. He states that he is one hundred per cent American And proud of it. His suggests that his behaviour is due to the fact that he believes that he is representative of the real America whereas Blanches representation offends him as it disregards meritocracy, which leads him into saying everyman is a king. This could be to further elaborate the difference between him and Blanche as she views herself as royalty but Stanley is actually the king of the house. Williams presented the theme of fantasy versus reality into the play. This is hugely significant as we see Blanche going mental and drowning herself in her lies and fantasies to a point where shes lost control of her mind. It is obvious that Blanche prefers her fantasies and lies as she mentions I dont want realism, I want magic, which could be her pursuit of chivalric hero, which she cant seem to find. It could also be the fact that she is better staying tangled within her fantasies since her past may be viewed as traumatizing; witnessing deaths, losing her love, losing Belle Reeve etc his trauma suggests that she seeks to be protected from which is even more obvious when Blanche mentions that Mitch is a cleft in the rock of the world that I can hide in. The connotations associated with rocks are that they a hard and tough which is symbolic in terms of how life is. If Blanche is symbolic of fantasy than Stella is symbolic of reality. Due to this fact there could be a possible consensus formed that Stella is more sensible than her sister. She realises immediately that Blanche and Stanley do not see eye to eye, and are both stubborn which leaves her to be the voice of reason. Immediately when things start going wrong she mentions that people have got to tolerate each others habits, she indirectly suggests that Blanche also has to get used to Stanleys habits in order for their household to be sustained. Williams has portrayed Stella as the normalising force in the play and shows and highlights her as a nurturing being especially towards Blanche. Stella symbolically is a mother figure for Blanche as she aims to protect her. Although Blanches elder than Stella, Stella still makes attempts to protect her sister since she is fully aware of her loss when younger. This could be the reason that she looks at Blanche with a Pitying look which Blanche has also noticed. She is aware of Blanches likes and dislikes and therefore stops at twenty five candles, knowing that she is insecure about her age and growing old. Although Blanche also tries to baby her little sister, through Stellas eyes it is evident that she is in the need of support, like she explains to Stanley she was tender and trusting as she was and people like you abused her. Forced her to change. This is suggestive of the fact that maybe Stella has known more than she lets on to anyone else and has made links between what she said before in the play about getting the attention of men. Baths are used as a method of cleaning and washing of dirt. Using the same aspect Williams uses baths to be symbolic of Blanche trying to rid herself of all the dirt and pain of the memories in her past. She explains that a hot bath gives her a brand new outlook on life. These baths help to cleanse herself of her odious past. Yet she is unable to erase her past and to calm her nerves and therefore her bathing is never done. This helps the audience understand the constant struggle that Blanche has to escape her regrets. Stanley takes a shower after the first poker night to soothe his violent temper in which he strikes his wife. After the shower when his temper has been erased he longingly calls out for his wife. In this aspect the shower is a system used for personality change. Williams has also cleverly incorporated another aspect in his play which is has significance. In scene seven, Blanche sings the ballad Its only a paper moon while she bathes. The song is about the way love turns the world into phony fantasy and suggests that if both lovers believe in their fantasy it is no longer make-believe. Blanche can relate to the lyrics since they sum up her approach to life. This suggests that for Blanche lying is the only means of enjoying life and therefore is harmless. Some may argue that due to this Blanche uses fantasies and lies as a self maintenance strategy. Seeing that Blanche is singing Its only a paper moon whilst bathing produces a sense of irony since Stanley and Stella and discussing Blanches sexually corrupt past. The reason for the irony is that Blanche is referring to her understanding of herself in terms of fantasy, while Stanley is focusing on Blanches past and reality. The fact that Williams juxtaposes this fact highlights it further, producing a comparison to be drawn by the audience. Alcohol is largely included in the play. There is some form of drinking in every scene but for different reasons. For Blanche it is a tool of escapism and a method which she can withdraw from harsh reality through. She also often lies about the amount of which she consumes since it doesnt fit the image of the fai ade that shes trying to pull off. Williams makes it clear that she does drink in front of people but says its to calm her nerves for example when shes about to meet Stanley, she asks for no coke due to her nerves. It seems that all Blanche ever seems to do is to lie, drink or bath. Blanche drinks due to self pity but we see Stanley who also likes to drink a lot, consumer for more social reasons. He drinks with his friends, during the poker night and to celebrate the birth of his child. But for both of them their drinking leads them to destructive paths; Stanley acting abusive and Blanche deluding herself in her fantasies. The polka music is symbolic of Blanches past. Polka music sounds, in a minor key, faint in the distance. The way that Williams has written this implies that it is sad as it is in a minor key and the distant could resemble the past. The Polka music is symbolic of the last dance between Blanche and her husband the young boy or Alan. Blanche also mentions that the polka music ends after the gunshot which refers to the death of her husband at the end of the dance. Williams has used the polka music to resemble any point in the play when Blanche is affected by the death of her husband. The fact that she hears it often indicates that she is haunted by her past. The poker game is largely significant as it takes place during the beginning of the play and at the end of the play. In the first poker game we see that Stanley is losing when Im losing you want to eat? this symbolises the arrival of Blanche and the hard times coming into the household. During the second game Stanley experiences good luck in the game but could resemble the fact that Blanches leaving and hes getting what he wants. Poker is cleverly incorporated since it is a game of bluff and at the end it seems top the audience that Blanche has run out of cards lies to tell. The symbolism used by Williams brings more emotion into the play but also bring greater meaning to the characters actions and to their emotions. Over all it is safe to conclude that the characters that Williams has constructed are complex even though the audiences are given indications to the core of them. The audience are left to decide how to categories the characters in genres of good and bad which is important since everyone has good and bad qualities. There are probably more hidden uses of symbolism in the play which arent apparent as the ones explored in this essay.